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In the context of global sustainable development, solar energy, as a clean and renewable resource, is gradually penetrating various energy supply systems. Solar water pump systems, as a prime example of photovoltaic technology application, demonstrate significant potential and value in areas such as agricultural irrigation, livestock water supply, and household water usage, due to their efficient, environmentally friendly, and self-sufficient characteristics. This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the technical principles, detailed classification, broad applications, and future development trends of solar water pumps, serving as a reference for research and application in related fields.